Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge 2017 ia Paper 2 6C a Solution Created 2026-09-24 Updated 2026-10-06
Use the complete system in the PDF: the TeX omits . Both coordinate axes are invariant, and the equilibrium points are , and . The Jacobian matrix isAt its eigenvalues are , and at they are : both points are saddle equilibria. At the coexistence point,Thus the interior point is a stable spiral. The nontrivial nullclines are and : increases below the first and decreases above it, while increases to the right of the second and decreases to the left. The rotation near coexistence is counterclockwise.
Trajectories of a predator-prey system
. A local linearization by itself does not prove that every interior solution has the same limit. For this logistic predator-prey model, let and use the Lyapunov functionThe inequality makes nonnegative, with equality only at coexistence. Its sublevel sets are compact inside the positive quadrant, because diverges both at the axes and at infinity. Direct differentiation cancels the predator-prey cross terms and givesOn one has , and remaining there requires . The largest invariant subset is therefore the coexistence point. The LaSalle invariance principle provesOn , decays as toward the origin. On , the logistic differential equation takes every to one. The origin itself stays fixed. These boundary trajectories are the exceptions to the interior convergence statement.
