An experimental method using the duration of looking as a dependent measure. A difference can reflect novelty, familiarity, surprise or processing demands, so psychological interpretation depends on the design and controls rather than on duration alone.
Presenting outcomes predicted to be congruent or incongruent with a proposed expectation and comparing looking responses. In false belief research, manipulating an agent’s visual access while controlling actual object location helps distinguish belief-based predictions from direct reality tracking. Longer looking is an indirect measure requiring alternative explanations to be tested.[ref]
Do 15-month-old infants understand false beliefs? by Kristine H. Onishi and Renée Baillargeon. Science 308, 255–258; green/yellow boxes, true- and false-belief induction and test reaches
A central attention cue precedes a side cue and an auditory stimulus. The infant’s orientation controls or indexes the duration of exposure, permitting comparison of responses to stimulus classes. Masking sound for adult observers helps reduce inadvertent cueing.[ref]
Statistical learning by 8-month-old infants by Jenny R. Saffran and others. Methods, p. 1928: central and side lights, loudspeakers and masking headphones
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