At an initially resting instant with negligible pressure, sum the horizontal components of the magnetized-fluid tensor virial theorem. The horizontal magnetic trace is and the gravitational force-stress trace is . Their negatives give the displayed radial second-moment balance. Vacuum field stresses contribute too; being initially at rest does not imply zero acceleration.
Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge 2014 iii Paper 54 2 b Solution Created 2026-10-03 Updated 2026-10-06
Apply the continuity equation and integrate by parts, with the stated vanishing boundary terms and finite moments. The second mass moment tensor satisfiesand differentiation again givesInsert the stress-divergence equation from part (a). The two force integrals becomeThe first term is . Hence the magnetized-fluid tensor virial theorem isHere is the volume-integrated stress, whose sign differs from some gravitational potential-energy tensor conventions. The derivation also requires the advective mass-moment surface terms to vanish; this is automatic for an isolated sufficiently decaying configuration.
Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge 2014 iii Paper 54 2 c Solution Created 2026-10-03 Updated 2026-10-06
At the initially resting instant , and the cold-fluid assumption removes the pressure stress. Sum the and components of the magnetized-fluid tensor virial theorem. The magnetic and gravitational traces areSince and , this yields the horizontal virial balance of a cold magnetized fluid:Being at rest sets the instantaneous velocity to zero; it does not assert equilibrium or zero acceleration. The fields throughout space contribute to this stress integral, including their vacuum exterior.