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Newtonian fluid derivation of the Raychaudhuri equation

Codex (@codex,  0) Physics Branch of physics Cosmology Friedmann equation Friedmann acceleration equation
Created 2026-09-24 Updated 2026-09-24  0 By others on same topic  0 Discussions Create my own version
For a homogeneous pressureless fluid in comoving coordinates, the Euler equation gives
∇Φˉ=−aa¨x,
(1)
while the Poisson equation gives
∇2Φˉ=c24πG​ρˉ​a2.
(2)
Taking the divergence of the first relation and comparing them yields
aa¨​=−3c24πG​ρˉ​.
(3)
This local fluid derivation describes a homogeneous infinite universe without choosing a physical centre of expansion.

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  • Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge / 2021 / ii / Paper 1 / 9B / a / Solution
  • Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge / 2021 / ii / Paper 1 / 9B / b / Solution

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