GHZ game 2026-10-25
A three-party nonlocal game with binary questions of even Hamming weight. Its winning output parity is half the question weight modulo two. For the four possible input triples, a hypothetical deterministic classical response would give four parity equations whose left sides cancel under exclusive or, while their right sides have odd total parity. Thus no classical strategy succeeds on every allowed triple, even with pre-shared randomness.
On the GHZ state, measure the Pauli X gate as an observable for question zero and the Pauli Y gate for question one, and encode the measured eigenvalue as . The joint observables XXX, XYY, YXY and YYX have respective GHZ eigenvalues . Their products of local outcomes enforce the required parity with certainty. The strategy uses pre-shared quantum entanglement and local measurements during the game, without communication. It realizes the GHZ theorem as an operational task. If the four questions are uniform, the best classical success is : the parity contradiction bounds it above, and the deterministic rule , wins three triples and loses only 011. The uniformity assumption is necessary for that numerical score, not for the impossibility of worst-case certainty.