Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge 2003 iii Paper 13 3 a Solution Created 2026-10-03 Updated 2026-10-14
Write for the number of labelled -uniform hypergraphs with the hereditary hypergraph property, so for . The assertion is nonincrease; strict decrease need not hold, since allowing all uniform hypergraphs gives .
If , heredity forces . If , the desired inequality is immediate. Otherwise choose uniformly from and record its edge indicators as a random vector . Its information entropy, with any fixed logarithm base, is . Deleting a vertex gives the restriction to the edges avoiding . By heredity and relabelling, this restriction has at most possible values, so .
Each edge coordinate occurs in exactly of these restrictions. For completeness, order all the edge coordinates. The chain rule for information entropy expands a restriction entropy as a sum of conditional coordinate entropies. The predecessors retained in a restriction form a subset of all predecessors, and conditioning reduces entropy; hence each restriction term is at least the corresponding full-vector term. Summing over the restrictions counts each full-vector term times. This proves the needed Shearer inequality:Since , division gives . Therefore the normalized speed of a hereditary hypergraph property satisfies