Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge 2001 iii Paper 51 1 e Solution Created 2026-10-03 Updated 2026-10-14
The specified coordinate change gives the exact equationsAt linear order on the center manifold. More precisely the stable coordinate obeys at linear order, while , . Thus relaxes towards its center-manifold value and can be eliminated by center manifold reduction or a properly ordered adiabatic elimination.
Write , where is homogeneous of degree . At degree two the graph invariance equation is . On homogeneous quadratic polynomials the operator is nilpotent, so adding makes it invertible. Hence . Equivalently, the odd vector field permits a symmetry-compatible odd graph: odd symmetry removes even center-manifold jets. No quadratic forcing is present for adiabatic elimination either. However, setting alone is insufficient at cubic order, because the evolving graph has a nonzero derivative.