Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge 2003 iii Paper 71 5 c 1 Solution Created 2026-10-03 Updated 2026-10-14
An optical tweezers force requires the change in optical momentum. Define the optical momentum efficiency by , with all ray geometry and medium-index factors absorbed in and the vacuum light speed. The specified relative refractive index does not determine without bead size and the beam's convergence, waist, and ray directions. A unique exact force is therefore not supplied by these data.
Retaining the entropic stiffness from part (a), the parameterized answer isUsing the persistence-length-corrected worm-like chain instead gives in its small-force regime.
For a definite scale estimate, take the weak-contrast optical momentum change to be . This gives , for part (a)'s model, or for the corrected chain. These are estimates with an explicitly chosen ray-momentum efficiency, not a universal formula for a transparent trapped sphere.
Another illustrative optical model makes the uncertainty visible: normal-incidence Fresnel reflectance is . An effective reflector with in the simple momentum convention gives and extensions or , respectively. A refracting bead in a focused beam is not just that reflector; entry and exit rays also transfer momentum. Neither estimate eliminates the missing optical geometry.