The conventional organisation of a writing system, including recurring patterns and relations to language.
The degree of complexity or inconsistency in mappings between written and spoken forms. Its consequences depend on the units and outcomes assessed; early pronunciation accuracy, fluency and comprehension need not show identical patterns.
An experimentally defined writing system with unfamiliar symbols and controlled mappings. It permits manipulation of learning history while requiring separate tests of generalisation to natural reading.[ref]
The influence of consistency, frequency, and semantics on learning to read: an artificial orthography paradigm by Joanne S. H. Taylor and others. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 37, 60–76; sixteen/32 adults, novel script, frequency/consistency and pretraining
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Orthography is the conventional spelling system of a language. It involves the rules and norms governing how words are spelled, including the use of letters, punctuation, and capitalization. Orthography can encompass various aspects such as phonetic transcription (how sounds correspond to written forms), morphological considerations (how words are formed and structured), and the integration of grammatical rules. In essence, orthography is crucial for written communication, ensuring consistency and clarity in the way language is represented in written form.