For a particle in a ring, the arc-length coordinate is . The tangential kinetic energy isThe constraint removes radial motion; the constant potential energy along the ring can be chosen as zero. The tangential momentum operator is , or equivalently the angular momentum operator is . ThusIts physical domain has periodic boundary conditions, and . These make the Hamiltonian self-adjoint and reflect that and describe the same point. No magnetic flux or additional angle-dependent potential energy is present.