An event sample designed to constrain a background contribution to a signal region, while having little expected signal contamination. Changed particle-identification, kinematic or tagging requirements can isolate a process. The model must account for its relation to the signal sample, shared uncertainties and any signal leakage. A separate validation sample can test extrapolation without tuning the discovery selection.
A ratio translating a background yield in a particle-physics control region into its yield in a signal region. It may be estimated with simulation and calibration measurements. Its uncertainty must include acceptance, response and physics differences between the regions; contaminating backgrounds are subtracted or fitted jointly. A profile likelihood can constrain the control and signal counts together rather than treating the transferred estimate as exact.
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