Past exam of the functional analysis course of the University of Oxford / 2011 / 3 / iii

Define the finite-rank operatorIt is linear and bounded, with $\Vert P_n\Vert \le {\sum }_{i=1}^n\Vert x_i^{\ast }\Vert \Vert x_i\Vert$. Biorthogonality gives exactly the two required values on $x_j$. It also givesThus $P_n$ is a bounded projection onto $\mathrm{span}\{x_1,\dots ,x_n\}$, with kernel ${\bigcap }_{i=1}^n\ker x_i^{\ast }$. Its action on the dense span determines it uniquely among bounded linear operators. These are the partial-sum projections; no uniform bound in $n$ has yet been assumed.