Past exam of the Gödel's incompleteness theorems course of the University of Oxford / 2011 / 2 / a

Löb's theorem states that, for a first-order theory with the stated provability and diagonalization properties,where $BA=P_S(┌A┐)$. It does not require an extra consistency assumption.

By the diagonal lemma, choose $D$ with $S⊢D\leftrightarrow (BD\to A)$. necessitation rule and distribution applied to $D\to (BD\to A)$ giveUsing positive introspection $BD\to B(BD)$ gives the unconditional theorem $S⊢BD\to BA$. If $S⊢BA\to A$, it follows that $S⊢BD\to A$, and the reverse fixed-point implication gives $S⊢D$. Necessitating gives $S⊢BD$, hence $S⊢BA$ and finally $S⊢A$.

The same derivation also gives the Internal form of Löb's theorem, needed for modal soundness. Put $H=(BA\to A)$. From the unconditional $BD\to BA$, propositional reasoning and the fixed point give $S⊢H\to D$. necessitation rule and distribution imply $S⊢BH\to BD$, and henceThis internal statement was derived without necessitating a temporary assumption.