Past exam of the introduction to schemes course of the University of Oxford / 2023 / 1 / a / i / Solution

Write $h_T(S)=\mathrm{Hom}(S,T)$ for the functor of points of a scheme $T$. A subfunctor $H\subseteq F$ is an open subfunctor if every natural transformation $h_T\to F$ has a pullback represented by an open subscheme $U\subseteq T$:The displayed natural isomorphism must identify the projection to $h_T$ with the natural transformation induced by $U\hookrightarrow T$. Equivalently, for each $\xi \in F(T)$, there is an open subscheme $U\subseteq T$ such that a morphism of schemes $a:S\to T$ factors through $U$ exactly when $F(a)(\xi )\in H(S)$. The pullback is taken in the functor category, so this tests arbitrary families, rather than just underlying points.