Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge / 2009 / iii / Paper 56 / 3 / a

A null geodesic congruence is a smooth family of null geodesics filling a region, with one curve through each point before caustics form. Choose an affine parameter $\lambda$ and tangent $U^a$, so $U^2=0$ and ${\nabla }_{U}U=0$. Choose a null partner $N^a$ with $U\cdot N=-1$, transported parallel to $U$ along each generator. The screen-space projectorprojects onto the positive-definite two-dimensional plane transverse to $U,N$. Define the optical tensor and its decomposition bywhereThese are respectively the null expansion, null shear and null twist, the latter also called rotation. In the Null Raychaudhuri equation, ${\hat{\sigma }}^2={\hat{\sigma }}_{ab}{\hat{\sigma }}^{ab}$ and ${\hat{\omega }}^2={\hat{\omega }}_{ab}{\hat{\omega }}^{ab}$ use the screen metric. The trace convention for $\theta$ is important: it is not half the trace. For an affine null tangent it also equals ${\nabla }_a{U}^a$.