Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge / 2015 / iii / Paper 20 / 4 / c / Solution

Over an affine open subscheme $\mathrm{Spec}A$ of the target, a closed immersion has the form $\mathrm{Spec}(A/I)\to \mathrm{Spec}A$. Pulling it back along an affine scheme map $\mathrm{Spec}B\to \mathrm{Spec}A$ givesThe identification follows directly by tensoring the quotient presentation; it does not require $B$ to be flat over $A$. Since $B\to B/IB$ is surjective, this is again a closed immersion. These affine calculations cover every base change of a morphism of schemes.