Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge / 2019 / iii / Paper 332 / 2 / a

Let a representative fixed volume have mixture mass density $\bar{\rho }={\rho }_s\phi +{\rho }_l(1-\phi )$. Since the crystal framework is rigid and stationary, the liquid mass flux is ${\rho }_l\mathbf{u}$, where $\mathbf{u}$ is Darcy velocity. Mass conservation givesThe constant phase densities therefore imply the phase-change volume source in a rigid mushFor ice less dense than brine, increasing solid fraction creates an expansion flow; when the phase densities agree, this source vanishes.