Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge / 2021 / iii / Paper 221 / 3 / b

Table of contents
- Solution b

Solution

A backdoor path from

A

to

Y

is a path whose first edge has an arrowhead at

A

. The set

X_{I}

satisfies the backdoor criterion when it contains no descendant of

A

and blocks every backdoor path from

A

to

Y

. Under this criterion, consistency, and positivity,

Y (a) ⊥ A ∣ X_{I},

so adjustment for

X_{I}

identifies the intervention mean.

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