Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge / 2023 / ii / Paper 2 / 22F / a

LetThe map $R$ is reflection about $m$ and is an isometry. It interchanges $v,w$, so it preserves $S_1^{vw}$. Inductively, if it preserves $S_{n-1}^{vw}$, then it preserves its diameter and all distances in the defining condition for $S_n^{vw}$; hence it preserves every $S_n^{vw}$.

The midpoint belongs to $S_1^{vw}$ becauseSuppose $m\in S_{n-1}^{vw}$. For every $z\in S_{n-1}^{vw}$, reflection invariance gives $R(z)\in S_{n-1}^{vw}$ andThus $m\in S_n^{vw}$, so all the sets are nonempty and contain $m$.

Put $D_n=\mathrm{diam}(S_n^{vw})$. If $x,y\in S_n^{vw}$ with $n\ge 2$, then $y\in S_{n-1}^{vw}$ and the defining property of $x$ givesThereforeIf $z$ lies in every $S_n^{vw}$, then both $z$ and $m$ lie in $S_n^{vw}$, soHence $z=m$. We have proved the metric extraction of a midpoint by shrinking diameters: