Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge / 2023 / iii / Paper 314 / 1 / a

In the inertial frame, rigid corotation gives $\mathbf{u}=\mathbf{\Omega }\times \mathbf{r}$. The ideal magnetohydrodynamics condition is the motional electric fieldApply Gauss's law in Gaussian units and use the divergence and curl of a cross product:The exterior field is produced by currents inside the star, so $\nabla \times {\mathbf{B}}_0=0$ there, while rotation with constant angular velocity has $\nabla \times \mathbf{u}=2\mathbf{\Omega }$. Hence the required Goldreich-Julian charge density isHere $n_q$ denotes electric charge per unit volume, as in the question. If each carrier has charge $q$, its signed number density is $n_q/q$.