Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge / 2025 / iii / Paper 221 / 1 / b / i

Table of contents
- Solution i

Solution

The

X_{1}

coefficient is the total causal effect of

X_{1}

on

Y

. The node

X_{1}

has no parents, so there is no backdoor path into it, and the unadjusted regression sums all directed paths from

X_{1}

to

Y

.

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