Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge / 2025 / iii / Paper 221 / 1 / b / v

Table of contents
- Solution v

Solution

Neither coefficient has a causal interpretation. Conditioning on

X_{3}

opens the collider bias path

X_{1} \to X_{3} \leftarrow U \to Y

for the

X_{1}

coefficient, while the

X_{3}

coefficient remains confounded by

U

and by omitted

X_{2}

.

 Ancestors (11)

 View article source

 Discussion (0)

There are no discussions about this article yet.

 Articles by others on the same topic (0)

There are currently no matching articles.

  See all articles in the same topic Create my own version