Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge / 2026 / ii / Paper 2 / 11I / b

Homotopy invariance of winding number states that a homotopy $H(s,t)$ through closed paths in ${\mathbb{C}}^{\ast }$ preserves winding number. Uniform continuity divides the $s$ interval so successive paths differ pointwise by less than the minimum modulus of the earlier path; the supplied perturbation lemma makes their winding numbers equal. Chaining the subdivisions proves the result.