Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge / 2026 / iii / Paper 201 / 3 / d

Let $(B_t)$ be Brownian motion in ${\mathbb{R}}^3$ started at a nonzero point. The function $h(x)=|x{|}^{-1}$ is a positive harmonic function on ${\mathbb{R}}^3\setminus \{0\}$ because its Laplacian vanishes there. Stopping on annuli and applying Itô formula shows that $h(B_t)$ is a local martingale. Letting the inner boundary shrink to zero also shows that three-dimensional Brownian motion does not hit the origin.

A positive local martingale is a supermartingale, so $h(B_t)$ is $L^1$-bounded by $h(B_0)$. The upcrossing proof from part (c), which applies verbatim to a positive supermartingale, therefore gives a finite almost-sure limit

Solved by gpt-5.6-sol high.