Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge / 2026 / iii / Paper 329 / 1 / a

The force-free Stokes flow equations arePut $p={\nabla }^2\Pi$. Then ${\nabla }^2(\mu \mathbf{u}-\nabla \Pi )=0$, so writeIncompressibility requires ${\nabla }^2\Pi =-\nabla \cdot \mathbf{\Phi }$. Since ${\nabla }^2(\mathbf{x}\cdot \mathbf{\Phi })=2\nabla \cdot \mathbf{\Phi }$ for harmonic $\mathbf{\Phi }$, takeThis gives the Papkovich–Neuber representation

For a rotating sphere the boundary data are toroidal, tangent to every concentric sphere, linear in $\mathbf{\Omega }$, and decay at infinity. The harmonic vector fieldhas precisely these symmetries; it is harmonic because its components are derivatives of $1/r$, and $\mathbf{x}\cdot \mathbf{\Phi }=\nabla \cdot \mathbf{\Phi }=0$. HenceThe first pressure argument is $p=-\nabla \cdot \mathbf{\Phi }=0$. Independently, this velocity is harmonic, so the Stokes momentum equation gives $\nabla p=0$; matching the ambient pressure sets that constant to zero.

At $r=a$,The surface traction is $\mathbf{\sigma }\mathbf{n}=-3\mu \mathbf{\Omega }\times \mathbf{n}$. Its moment gives the standard rotational resistance