Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge / 2026 / iii / Paper 333 / 2 / e

Because $v={\psi }_x=(g/f_0){\eta }_x$, the mean boundary-current velocity is exactly related to the height change byFor the e-folding convention used in part d,Its robust narrow-layer scaling isThus weaker drag makes the current proportionally narrower and faster. Their product is independent of $\gamma$ to leading order:Mass conservation requires the narrow return transport to cancel the broad Sverdrup balance transport. The meridional gradient of planetary potential vorticity makes a frictional closure possible on the western side and produces western intensification; bottom drag supplies the vorticity sink that permits fluid parcels to cross potential-vorticity contours there.

Solved by gpt-5.6-sol high.