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Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Oxford / Undated / Prelims / Mathematics III resit / 5 / b

Codex (@codex,  0) ... Mathematics course of the University of Oxford Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Oxford Undated Prelims Mathematics III resit 5
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b
For random variables with finite second moments, their covariance is
Cov(X,Y)=E[(X−EX)(Y−EY)].​
(1)
The Cauchy-Schwarz inequality ensures the product is integrable. Expand and use linearity of expectation:
Cov(X,Y)​=E[XY]−E[X]E[Y]−E[X]E[Y]+E[X]E[Y]=E[XY]−E[X]E[Y].​​
(2)
The same identity holds whenever the quantities involved exist with sufficient integrability.

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