Past exam of the mathematics course of the year 1 of the natural sciences course of the University of Cambridge / 2012 / Paper 1 / 17 / a / Solution

Assume $L>0$. For any nonzero integer $k$,For $m\ne n$, the product-to-sum identity expresses the integrand as one half the sum of cosines with nonzero frequencies $m-n$ and $m+n$, so the integral is zero. For $m=n>0$, use ${\cos }^{2}u=(1+\cos 2u)/2$ to get $L$. Finally, for $m=n=0$ the integrand is one. The complete Fourier orthogonality formula isThe constant mode has twice the squared norm of a positive-frequency cosine mode.