Past exam of the model theory and Gödel's incompleteness theorems course of the University of Oxford / 2009 / B / 4 / c / i

The complete theory $\mathrm{Th}(A)$ is the set of all $L$-sentences true in $A$. The existential theory of a structure ${\mathrm{Th}}_{\exists }(A)$ consists of those true sentences of the form $\exists \bar{x}\theta (\bar{x})$ with quantifier-free $\theta$. The universal theory ${\mathrm{Th}}_{\forall }(A)$ uses $\forall \bar{x}\theta (\bar{x})$ with quantifier-free matrix. Allow equivalent formulas and empty quantifier blocks, or insert dummy variables in nonempty domains. These are sentences in the original language, distinct from diagrams, which add constants naming Elements of the structure.