Primary manuscript transcription, Trinity College Library 189.R.4.47, folios 7–8. Folios 7r–7v reject innate, unmediated gravity and leave the agent's material or immaterial nature open. The dual-year date accommodates the historical English calendar convention.
The lecture reviews radium, chemical identification of radioactive elements and the experimental meaning of radioactivity.
The closing gravitational discussion separates the observed law from an unsupported hypothesis about its physical cause.
Collection of sources; individual chapter authors and dates are recorded below.
Publisher: Tufts University digital repository (hosting institution).
Cited passages: Tufts, Philosophy 167 class 3 notes, dated 16 September 2014, printed p. 20, items 3-5, and pp. 26-27, section IV.D: predictions, residuals and dependence of the area test on a trajectory.
Publisher: Nobel Foundation (archival lecture host).
Cited passages: Printed pp. 391–393, figures 2–4: angular and azimuth scans and independent wavelength comparison; The discovery of electron waves, printed p. 390: retrospective chronology and the change to a deliberate wave test.
Publisher: King's College London.
This source is credited to an organization.
Cited passages: Wheatstone Collection, opening biographical dates and “Wheatstone's contributions to electricity”; Wheatstone Collection, section “Wheatstone's contributions to electricity”: 1843 lecture and credit to Samuel Hunter Christie; Wheatstone Collection, “Wheatstone's contributions to electricity”: inventor credited by Wheatstone.
This source is credited to an organization.
Cited passages: Nobel Prize Outreach, Johannes Diderik van der Waals, Work: equation introduced in 1873 and molecular attraction.
Publisher: Optica.
Institutional history biography, created 26 July 2023 and updated 18 July 2025. These are web-page dates, not dates of birth, instrument invention or first historical publication. No named individual author verified.
Cited passages: Charles Fabry biography, paragraphs on collaboration with Alfred Pérot and instrument development.
Institutional historical account from University of Leeds Library Special Collections, in its Bragg notebook research spotlight. No individual byline or web publication date is established.
Cited passage: Lawrence Bragg’s November 1912 announcement; the historical date is distinct from the web account’s publication date.
Institutional museum record from the Royal Institution, crediting William Henry Bragg with designing and making the spectrometer. The object date, 1912, is distinct from the undated web record.
Institute for Advanced Study institutional scientist profile; no individual byline or publication date is asserted.
Cited passages: professional identity, life years, and the 1933–1955 appointment. An institutional school affiliation is distinguished from the physicist’s specialization.
Historical exhibit created for the Institute for Advanced Study by the Center for History of Physics in 1979, later adapted online by the American Institute of Physics; IAS hosts this copy. No individual byline or web publication date is asserted.
Cited passages: March, May, June, and September 1905; provenance footer. The 1996–2016 notice denotes copyright.
Official prize record by Nobel Prize Outreach. Award years identify the prize, not the webpage’s publication date; autogenerated citation dates are not publication dates.
Cited passages: prize motivation and the note that the 1921 prize was received in 1922.
Official prize record by Nobel Prize Outreach. Award years identify the prize, not the webpage’s publication date; autogenerated citation dates are not publication dates.
Cited passages: life years and Work, including the 1928 relativistic theory.
Official prize record by Nobel Prize Outreach. Award years identify the prize, not the webpage’s publication date; autogenerated citation dates are not publication dates.
Cited passages: the two named laureates, equal shares, and atomic-theory motivation.
Collected lectures and biographies first published by Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1965. The inspected Columbia mirror reproduces the 1998 World Scientific reprint. Individual contributions retain their own authorship and delivery dates.
Edited biography reprinted from Nobel Lectures, Physics 1922–1941, following its original publication in Les Prix Nobel. Nobel Foundation copyright 1933; no individual biography author verified.
Cited passages: Zürich’s 1926 work, the 1933 joint award, life years, and the reprint footer.
By Erwin Schrödinger. Nobel lecture delivered 12 December 1933; collected reprint pp. 305–316.
Cited passages: title and date, p. 305; wave analogy and interpretive qualifications, pp. 313–316. Inspected through Columbia’s mirror of the collected volume; the host is not the author.
By Carl David Anderson. Nobel lecture delivered 12 December 1936. Inspected authored text includes a StudyLib reproduction; the host is not the author.
By Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman. Nobel lecture delivered 11 December 1930, pp. 267–275. Authored lecture inspected in a SlideShare reproduction; uploader is not the author.
By Charles Thomson Rees Wilson. Nobel lecture delivered 12 December 1927; cited pp. 194–201. Columbia hosts the inspected collected-volume reprint.
Nobel lecture, 12 December 1929, for the 1928 prize. Inspected Columbia collected-volume reproduction, pp. 224–231; collected edition 1965.
Nobel lecture, 23 May 1924, for the 1923 prize. Inspected Columbia collected-volume reproduction, pp. 54–60; collected edition 1965.
Nobel lecture, 11 December 1925, for the 1924 prize. Inspected Columbia collected-volume reproduction, pp. 81–89; collected edition 1965.
Nobel lecture, 11 December 1926, for the 1925 prize. Inspected Columbia collected-volume reproduction, pp. 98–103; collected edition 1965.
Nobel lecture, 11 December 1926, for the 1925 prize. Inspected Columbia collected-volume reproduction, pp. 112–123; collected edition 1965.
Nobel lecture, 11 December 1926. Inspected Columbia collected-volume reproduction, pp. 148–154; collected edition 1965.
Nobel lecture, 12 December 1929. Inspected Columbia collected-volume reproduction, pp. 246–249; collected edition 1965.
Nobel lecture, 7 June 1938, for the 1937 prize. Inspected Columbia collected-volume reproduction, pp. 398–400; collected edition 1965.
Institutional biography; no individual author established. Inspected Columbia collected-volume reproduction, p. 257. Webpage publication date unestablished.
Institutionally compiled biography; no individual author established. Inspected Columbia collected-volume reproduction, pp. 90–91. Webpage publication date unestablished.
Nobel lecture, 11 December 1933. Inspected reproduced text, pp. 291–292.
English-language collection; edition, editor, and translator not verified from the excerpt.
By Albert Einstein. Paper 5, pp. 177–197; originally Annalen der Physik 17, 132–148 (1905).
Cited passages: §§7–8, pp. 191–196.
By Lorenz Friedrich Beck. Historical biography hosted by the Max Planck Society; no webpage publication date is verified.
Cited passages: author byline, life years, physics appointments, and radiation research. Hosting institution and individual authorship are distinguished.
By Susanne Kiewitz; institutional editor, Max Planck Society. Berlin, 2016. The date belongs to the first printed book, not to the webpage.
Cited passages: physicist’s career and life years; Hahn and Strassmann’s chemical findings and Meitner and Frisch’s physical interpretation; author byline and book-provenance footer.
Niels Bohr Institute institutional history article, published 18 July 2012.
Cited passages: Bohr’s 1922 award and its atomic-structure and radiation subject. No individual byline is asserted.
Institutional laureate directory of the Niels Bohr Institute. Entry dates do not establish a publication date for the whole directory.
Cited passage: Niels Bohr’s 1885–1962 life years.
National Archives and Records Administration institutional collection description; last reviewed 3 June 2019. This review date is distinct from the dates of Millikan’s papers.
Cited passages: collection title, experimental-physicist identity, life years, and labelled Caltech portrait.
Institutional historical biography by Technische Universität Berlin; undated.
Cited indexed passage: the 1933 instrument’s improvement over optical resolution. Full webpage fetch unavailable; month and detailed performance values are not adopted.
Collected lectures and biographies. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1967. Individual lectures retain their own authorship; edited biographies do not acquire the web host as an author.
Inspected reprint: World Scientific, 1998, published for the Nobel Foundation; ISBN 981-02-3401-5. This is distinct from the 1967 Elsevier edition.
Edited biography, originally in Les Prix Nobel and republished in Nobel Lectures, Physics 1901–1921. Individual author unverified; Nobel Prize Outreach hosts the webpage.
Cited passages: life dates, physics appointments, and research.
Edited biography, originally in Les Prix Nobel and republished in Nobel Lectures, Physics 1901–1921. Individual author unverified; Nobel Prize Outreach hosts the webpage.
Cited passages: life dates, physics appointments, and research.
Edited biography, originally in Les Prix Nobel and republished in Nobel Lectures, Physics 1901–1921. Individual author unverified; Nobel Prize Outreach hosts the webpage.
Cited passages: life dates, physics appointments, and research.
By Albert Abraham Michelson. Printed pp. 166–178; cited pp. 171–172. Lecture delivery date differs from collected-volume publication.
By Wilhelm Wien. Printed pp. 275–286. Lecture delivery date differs from collected-volume publication.
Nobel lecture, 11 December 1920, pp. 444–473. Inspected E. Fine Metals reproduction; collected-volume and upload dates differ.
By Charles Glover Barkla. Nobel lecture delivered 3 June 1920, associated with the 1917 prize; award, lecture and upload years differ.
By Johannes Stark. Nobel lecture delivered 3 June 1920, associated with the 1919 prize; cited pp. 430–435. Inspected Columbia-hosted collected-volume reproduction.
By John Joseph O'Connor and Edmund Frederick Robertson. MacTutor, University of St Andrews. Last updated October 2003.
By Gabriel Lippmann. Nobel lecture delivered 14 December 1908. Inspected two-page English transcription hosted by Holography Forum; translator uncredited.
Institutional biography by Centre de Recherche Public - Gabriel Lippmann. Cited: physics appointments and the 1891 presentation. Undated.
Institutional archive record from Nobel Prize Outreach; not authored by its nominee. Cited fields: life years, affiliation and award. Web publication date unestablished.
Official institutional award record from Nobel Prize Outreach. The award year is 1909; web publication date unestablished. Cited: joint laureates and motivation.
Institutional account by Tekniska museet. Last updated 7 December 2021. Peter Du Rietz is a contact curator; no personal byline established.
Official award record from Nobel Prize Outreach. The award year is 1912; webpage publication date unestablished.
Official award record from Nobel Prize Outreach. Award year 1913; webpage publication date unestablished.
Official award record from Nobel Prize Outreach. Award year 1914; webpage publication date unestablished.
Official award record from Nobel Prize Outreach. Award year 1915; webpage publication date unestablished.
Collected biographical reference; individual entries retain their credited authors. Te Ara hosts the online edition.
By Ross Galbreath. First published 1998; updated August 2022. Te Ara, Ministry for Culture and Heritage.
Official institutional award record from Nobel Prize Outreach. Award year 1917; webpage publication date unestablished.
Official institutional award record from Nobel Prize Outreach. Award year 1918; webpage publication date unestablished.
Official institutional award record from Nobel Prize Outreach. Award year 1919; webpage publication date unestablished.
Official institutional award record from Nobel Prize Outreach. Award year 1920; webpage publication date unestablished.
Official institutional award record from Nobel Prize Outreach. Award year 1936; webpage publication date unestablished.
Official institutional award record from Nobel Prize Outreach. Award year 1935; webpage publication date unestablished.
Official institutional award record from Nobel Prize Outreach. Award year 1927; webpage publication date unestablished.
Issued by the National Academy of Sciences. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C., 1998; DOI 10.17226/9650. Individual memoirs have separately credited authors.
By William Hayward Pickering, credited as William H. Pickering. Memoir pp. 24–38; institutional issuer: National Academy of Sciences.
By A. J. Kox. Annalen der Physik 525(5), A63–A66; first published 2 May 2013. Cited: historical viewing distinction in §2.
Official institutional facts page from Nobel Prize Outreach. Undated dynamic webpage; cited only for the 1916 non-award, without adopting current totals.
Official linked-data award record issued by the Nobel Foundation. Award year 1930; webpage publication date unestablished.
Institutional historical account from the University of Oxford Department of Physics. Undated; no individual author inferred.
Physics Today 35(6), 43–47 (June 1982). Posthumous recollection; inspected Massachusetts reproduction, pp. 44–47, excluding editorial sidebar.
Harvard Department of Physics historical essay (2024); author and year verified on institutional index. Inspected pp. 1, 3–4, Figures 2–5.
Edited by Jed Z. Buchwald and Andrew Warwick. MIT Press, 2001; chapter authors credited individually.
MIT Press, pp. 227–254 (2001). Inspected reproduced chapter pp. 229–231, Figure 7.2; reproduces Richardson’s 1903 apparatus.
Official institutional award record from Nobel Prize Outreach. Award year 1922; webpage publication date unestablished.
Official institutional award record from Nobel Prize Outreach. Award year 1923; webpage publication date unestablished.
Official institutional award record from Nobel Prize Outreach. Award year 1924; webpage publication date unestablished.
Official institutional award record from Nobel Prize Outreach. Award year 1925; webpage publication date unestablished.
Official institutional award record from Nobel Prize Outreach. Award year 1928; webpage publication date unestablished.
Official institutional award record from Nobel Prize Outreach. Award year 1929; webpage publication date unestablished.
Official institutional laureate record from Nobel Prize Outreach; individual award and receipt dates. Webpage publication date unestablished.
Authored memoir excerpt reproduced by Manne Siegbahn Laboratory from Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society 37 (1991); bibliography references omitted by host. Inspected precision-spectroscopy and Uppsala sections.
University of Pisa institutional account. Inspected silver-activation and wooden-table passage. Webpage publication date unestablished.
Institutional timeline. Inspected Lawrence entry distinguishing the 1939 award from lecture delivery on 11 December 1951. Webpage publication date unestablished.
Fermilab institutional biography. Inspected introductory account of cyclotron development; webpage publication date unestablished.
Institutional history. Inspected middle-1930s-through-1960s section on nuclear induction. Webpage publication date unestablished.
Institutional history. Inspected Purcell section on nuclear magnetic resonance. Webpage publication date unestablished.
Official institutional award record from Nobel Prize Outreach. Award year 1948; webpage publication date unestablished.
Official institutional award record from Nobel Prize Outreach. Award year 1947; webpage publication date unestablished.
Official institutional award record from Nobel Prize Outreach. Award year 1946; webpage publication date unestablished.
Official institutional award record from Nobel Prize Outreach. Award year 1945; webpage publication date unestablished.
Official institutional award record from Nobel Prize Outreach. Award year 1944; webpage publication date unestablished.
Official institutional award record from Nobel Prize Outreach. Award year 1943; webpage publication date unestablished.
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