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A Pliocene hominin important to studies of the relationship between habitual bipedalism and retained climbing capabilities. Comparative analysis must account for age and growth. ^[ref]

The Miocene is the older Neogene epoch, approximately $23.04$ to $5.333$ million years ago.^[ref] Dating a rock to this interval places it before the Pliocene; interpreting the environment in which it formed additionally requires observations such as sedimentary rock structure, composition and fossils. An age label and an environmental reconstruction answer different questions.

The Neogene is the geological period from 23.04 to 2.58 million years ago in the consulted chart. It contains the Miocene and Pliocene, between the Palaeogene and Quaternary.^[ref]

The Pliocene is the younger Neogene epoch, approximately $5.333$ to $2.58$ million years ago.^[ref] It is included in the long marine oxygen isotope ratio stack used to compare earlier ocean conditions with those of the Pleistocene. Aligning records makes their temporal patterns comparable; it does not turn one isotope measurement into a unique independent temperature measurement.^[ref]