Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge 2009 ii Paper 3 8B Solution Created 2026-09-24 Updated 2026-09-24
Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge 2016 ib Paper 4 17B b Solution Created 2026-09-24 Updated 2026-10-06
Write the pole as with . The method of images uses three reflected poles with signs . ThusThe logarithms cancel in pairs on each axis. Only the original pole is in the interior, so this is the required Dirichlet Green function in a quadrant.
On the horizontal boundary the outward normal is . Differentiating the four logarithms givesMultiply by the horizontal Dirichlet boundary condition and integrate to obtainBy exchanging the axes, the vertical boundary contributes . The representation in part (a) consequently givesFor the unbounded-domain condition, the same expression is the Poisson integral after the conformal change of variables to the upper half-plane, with real-axis data . This continuous boundary function tends to zero at both ends. Its Poisson integral tends to zero as : split the data into a compact part, whose kernel integral tends to zero, and a tail uniformly smaller than any prescribed positive number. Hence the constructed function has the required decay, and its two boundary traces agree at the corner. The maximum principle for harmonic functions on expanding quarter-discs proves uniqueness among decaying solutions. The corner value is obtained by continuity as .
Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge 2019 iii Paper 328 1 Solution Created 2026-10-03 Updated 2026-10-05
The Wirtinger derivative is holomorphic, since by the Laplace equation. The conformal map takes the quadrant to the complex upper half-plane. Integrating the prescribed tangential boundary derivatives, choose a common corner value and define the real boundary functionThe decaying data are bounded under the usual regularity at the corner, so . Thus its Poisson integral converges. A holomorphic function whose real part is that Poisson integral is supplied by the regularized Schwarz integral formula:For , the chain rule gives . Apply integration by parts to obtainSubstituting and gives the requested particular integral representation:Both integrals converge absolutely for an interior point of the quadrant. The Sokhotski–Plemelj formula gives on the horizontal edge and on the vertical edge, verifying the prescribed derivatives.
The printed conditions alone do not determine uniquely. The general answer adds a holomorphic function satisfyingEquivalently, write , where is holomorphic in the complex upper half-plane with real boundary values on the nonzero real axis. An antiderivative of has a harmonic real part with zero tangential boundary derivatives. For example, contributes without changing either datum. If the two edge constants differ by , the angular harmonic function contributes . The boxed expression selects the Poisson integral representative with equal edge constants; regularity and suitable growth conditions can be used to select that representative.
Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge 2019 ii Paper 4 23H e Solution Created 2026-09-24 Updated 2026-10-03
Use the Poisson integral to choose a smooth harmonic function on the unit disk whose boundary value is . Seek in the form , which is the standard homogenization of Dirichlet boundary data. Then and, since ,Part (d) gives a unique such , and henceis the unique weak solution with boundary value .
Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge 2021 ib Paper 2 14A c Solution Created 2026-09-24 Updated 2026-09-25
Extend the boundary data oddly to the whole real axis. The extended function is precisely the function from part (a). Taking the Fourier transform in , the Laplace equation becomesDecay as selectsPart (b), together with the convolution theorem, says that the inverse transform is convolution with the Poisson kernelFor this givesThe odd extension enforces , while the Poisson integral takes the prescribed boundary values at every continuity point and decays at infinity.
Schwarz integral formula Created 2026-10-05 Updated 2026-10-06
The Schwarz integral formula reconstructs a holomorphic function from boundary values of its real part. For a real boundary function on the complex upper half-plane satisfying , the regularized form isIts real part is the Poisson integral of . The subtraction makes the integral converge and changes only the imaginary normalization. Integration by parts, when the boundary terms vanish, gives ; jumps of are included as Dirac delta function terms in its distributional derivative.
Schwarz integral on the unit disk 2026-10-07
For real boundary data , the displayed holomorphic integral has real part equal to the disk Poisson integral of and imaginary part its normalized harmonic conjugate. If is not identically zero, the real part is strictly positive inside the disk. A holomorphic logarithm then has imaginary part between and , while its real part records the logarithm of the magnitude. This separates uniform imaginary-part control from large real parts on small boundary sets.