Give its product orientation and its complex orientation. If are the degree-two sphere classes and the normalized projective class, write . In the source cohomology ring, and the generators commute. Hence . Evaluation on the fundamental class gives the displayed mapping degree. Every positive degree is therefore at least , and the polynomial multiplication map to complex projective space attains that bound.
Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge 2010 iii Paper 17 4 b Solution Created 2026-10-03 Updated 2026-10-14
Use the standard orientations on the three spheres and the complex orientation on Complex projective space. Let satisfy . The cohomology ring of complex projective space is . The Künneth theorem givesWrite the induced map on cohomology as with integers . Naturality and graded commutativity of the cup product giveThe mapping degree is therefore . This is the factorial degree obstruction for products of two-spheres. Every positive value is a positive multiple of six, so the least possible positive degree is at least .
To attain it, identify each oriented sphere with . Send three projective linear forms to the coefficients of their product:whereNo product of nonzero linear forms is the zero polynomial. Rescaling any factor rescales all coefficients by the same nonzero scalar. The map is therefore well-defined and is a holomorphic map on the products of projective charts.
Choose a homogeneous cubic with three distinct roots, all in an affine chart. Its preimages are exactly the orderings of its three projective linear factors. In root coordinates, the derivative of the elementary-symmetric coefficient map has determinant equal, up to sign, to the Vandermonde determinant, the product of the three pairwise root differences. This is nonzero for distinct roots, so all six preimages are regular. A nonsingular complex-linear derivative preserves the underlying real orientation, since its real determinant is the squared absolute value of its complex determinant. Each preimage consequently contributes to the mapping degree. HenceThis polynomial multiplication map to complex projective space provides the requested example without assuming that a prescribed cohomology homomorphism is realizable by a continuous map.