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Klaus von Klitzing coauthored the discovery of precisely quantized Hall resistance in a silicon device containing a two-dimensional electron gas. In a strong magnetic field, resistance plateaus followed values set by $h/e^2$ and an integer filling index, rather than changing smoothly with every microscopic device parameter. The 1980 work used the reproducibility for a precision-constants measurement. The integer quantum Hall effect thus connects a collective electronic state with a robust electrical reference.^[ref]

A physicist.^[ref]