A permit-based synchronization object. A down operation waits until it can consume a permit; an up operation supplies one. Unlike ownership-based mutex use, signalling can pass between different software threads.
A semaphore that satisfies registered down requests in FIFO queue order. Direct handoff reserves a released permit for the oldest waiter rather than exposing it to competing newcomers. The ordering of truly concurrent registrations is determined by the registration mechanism.
A semaphore with at most one available permit. Initially unavailable instances support event signalling; initially available instances can protect one-at-a-time access under a balanced acquisition-and-release discipline.
A semaphore with a nonnegative number of available permits. Its contract must state initial availability and whether unmatched releases beyond an initial or configured bound are allowed.

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