Oriented smoothing 2026-10-05
The oriented smoothing replaces a crossing by two disjoint arcs whose orientations agree with the four oriented ends. It is the zero-resolution in an oriented skein relation.
Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge 2018 iii Paper 141 2 a Solution Created 2026-10-03 Updated 2026-10-05
Apply the given skein relation to a positive and a negative kink in a diagram of the unknot. Both crossed link diagrams represent the unknot, whereas the oriented smoothing represents the two-component unlink. ThusFactor the left-hand side and cancel the nonzero factor in the Laurent polynomial ring:The positive sign follows from the skein relation as printed in this paper. It differs from the frequently used Jones polynomial convention whose two-component unlink has value . With the printed convention, an -component link has invariant times that convention's Jones polynomial.
Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge 2018 iii Paper 141 2 b Solution Created 2026-10-03 Updated 2026-10-05
Insert a kink on any component of an oriented link diagram for . Switching the kink's crossing gives another link diagram of ; its oriented smoothing separates off a small unknot in a ball disjoint from the rest of . The skein relation therefore givesCancel the nonzero factor in the Laurent polynomial ring to obtain
Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge 2018 iii Paper 141 2 c Solution Created 2026-10-03 Updated 2026-10-05
Reflection through the projection plane reverses the orientation of and exchanges the overpassing and underpassing strands at every crossing. Thus switching all crossings gives the mirror of a link, with the component orientations transported by the reflection.
Define . Reflection exchanges with and preserves the oriented smoothing. Apply the printed skein relation to the reflected triple at parameter :Multiplication by gives the original skein relation for . Also . The stated uniqueness of the Jones polynomial now gives , hence
Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge 2018 iii Paper 141 2 d Solution Created 2026-10-03 Updated 2026-10-05
Let be the positively oriented Hopf link obtained by closing a two-strand braid with two positive crossings. Switching one crossing gives the two-component unlink; the oriented smoothing gives the unknot. The printed skein relation givesRepresent the right-handed trefoil knot by the closure of the two-strand braid with three positive crossings. Switching one crossing gives the unknot, while its oriented smoothing gives . Consequentlyso the two Jones polynomials areThe second expression follows from the mirror of a link identity. They are unequal Laurent polynomials, so invariance under link isotopy proves that the right-handed and left-handed trefoils are not isotopic.