Small-worldness ($\sigma =(C/C_{\mathrm{rand}})/(L/L_{\mathrm{rand}})$)

Small-worldness compares a network's clustering and average shortest-path length to reference values through $\sigma =(C/C_{\mathrm{rand}})/(L/L_{\mathrm{rand}})$. The common $\sigma >1$ classification is a ratio-based convention rather than a significance test; random-reference variability must be assessed separately.^[ref]