Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge 2007 iii Paper 2 1 c Solution Created 2026-10-03 Updated 2026-10-14
An -point means a unital algebra homomorphism over a field , as in points of a noncommutative algebra. It is specified by and satisfying . For and not a root of unity, , so scalar commutativity gives . Hence the scalar points are the union of the two coordinate axes:
For matrix-valued points of a noncommutative algebra, put and let be a generalized eigenspace. From ,Therefore , interpreting a missing eigenvalue as the zero space. In particular the linear subspaces and are invariant under both matrices. If , the numbers are distinct. A nonzero vector with would force all intervening generalized eigenspaces to be nonzero, impossible in dimension . Thus : is nilpotent on , although is invertible there.
Apply the same argument with exchanged, using . The sum of the nonzero generalized eigenspaces is invariant under both matrices, and is nilpotent on it. Consequently . Conversely, since is nilpotent on , its nonzero generalized eigenspaces all lie in . Decompose the restriction of to that invariant space into its nonzero and zero generalized eigenspaces:The zero generalized eigenspace of is -invariant by the scaling identity, so is invariant under both matrices. On , both matrices have only zero eigenvalues, hence are nilpotent matrices. This proves the spectral decomposition of a quantum-plane point:Here mean sums of generalized eigenspaces, not merely ordinary eigenspaces; that distinction is necessary for non-diagonalizable points.