Square-lattice band-overlap criterion with diagonal Fourier coupling (${\Delta }_{\mathrm{ind}}=-E_X-V_{11}-3V_{10}$)

For a divalent square Bravais lattice, let $E_X={\hslash }^2{\pi }^2/(2m_e{a}^2)$ and real periodic potential coefficients $V_{10}<V_{11}<0$. The leading two-wave edge levels are $E_X\pm V_{10}$. The four-wave corner levels are $2E_X+V_{11}\pm 2V_{10}$ and a doublet at $2E_X-V_{11}$. Comparing the lowest corner level with the upper edge level gives the displayed indirect band gap. The first spin-degenerate energy band can hold the two electrons per primitive unit cell; it becomes isolated when $-E_X-V_{11}-3V_{10}>0$ in this truncation. This follows from resonant degenerate perturbation theory, and higher plane waves can shift the threshold.