Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge 2010 iii Paper 66 1 b Solution Created 2026-10-03 Updated 2026-10-14
Let denote the applied force, and take the normal outward from the solid. At leading order the Stokes drag law and the torque on a rotating sphere in Stokes flow giveThe exact no-slip boundary condition and the exact resultant-load conditions areThe stress condition specifies the total force and torque, not a pointwise prescribed traction.
For the boundary perturbation of a nearly spherical particle, evaluate the no-slip condition at . Taylor expansion givesThere is no term because . Therefore
To expand the integral conditions correctly, use surface independence of Stokes force and torque integrals. The Stokes equation implies , and symmetry of the stress tensor implies that the angular-momentum flux is divergence-free as well. Evaluate the exact force and torque on a fixed sphere of radius enclosing the perturbed particle. There are then no geometric terms: the integrals of on that fixed sphere vanish because the external force and torque have no corrections. Each perturbation field solves the homogeneous exterior Stokes equations, so the divergence theorem transfers those integrals back to . HenceIf the integrals are expanded directly on the displaced surface, terms involving the displaced evaluation of , the changed normal and the changed area do appear individually. Their sum vanishes by the same surface-independence identity. Thus their absence in the final equations is a cancellation, not permission to omit geometric terms independently.