Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge 2008 ii Paper 4 7A Solution Created 2026-09-24 Updated 2026-10-14
In Glendinning chaos, a continuous interval map is chaotic when some positive iterate has a horseshoe for an interval map. In the interval version, one may take an open interval containing two disjoint open intervals with .
Let a three-cycle be ordered . There are only two possible cyclic orderings; reflection of the coordinate interchanges them, so assume , , . ThenAlso and , so the intermediate value theorem gives with , whence . Both and therefore map across under .
To obtain exact open-interval images, use the following elementary first-passage observation. A continuous function on with endpoint values has a subinterval on which its endpoint values are and all interior values lie strictly between them: take the first hit of the second level, then the last hit of the first level before it. The intermediate value theorem makes its interior image exactly . Apply this to the two intervals, reversing endpoint order on the first. Their selected interiors and are disjoint and lie in , withThis proves the three-cycle forces a two-iterate interval horseshoe result and establishes the required horseshoe for .