Toric scheme over a base ring ($X_{\Sigma ,A}$)

Given a dual pair of free lattices $N,M$ and a rational fan, glue $\mathrm{Spec}A[{\sigma }^{\vee }\cap M]$ over common-face charts. The monoid rings are semigroup algebras. A lattice map respecting cones gives a toric morphism. This construction works over a commutative ring $A$, including $\mathbb{Z}$, and also for an infinite fan in toric geometry.

// Target: toric-geometry.bigb

Take rays $(i,1)$ and cones generated by consecutive rays in ${\mathbb{Z}}^2$. Their dual generators $(1,-i)$ and $(-1,i+1)$ give $x_i=t{q}^{-i}$, $y_i=t^{-1}{q}^{i+1}$. Adjacent charts glue by $x_{i+1}=y_i^{-1}$, $y_{i+1}=x_i{y}_i^2$. The fibre $q=0$ is a chain of projective lines: each component has two affine-line charts joined by reciprocal coordinates, and consecutive components meet at one node. Inverting $q$ identifies all charts with the multiplicative group scheme over $\mathbb{Z}[q,q^{-1}]$. The local node algebra is free over $\mathbb{Z}[q]$, with basis $1,x_i^a,y_i^b$ for $a,b\ge 1$, so the morphism is flat.

// Target: toric-geometry.bigb

The lattice shear $(a,b)\mapsto (a+mb,b)$ shifts the chain charts by $m$ and preserves $q$. On the dense torus it acts as $(t,q)\mapsto (q^{m}t,q)$. For $m\ge 3$, translates of each chart of the formal completion of a scheme along $q=0$ are disjoint. Glue $m$ representative formal charts cyclically by the adjacent-chart formulas to obtain a formal scheme quotient. The two branch opens of each chart are disjoint because $D(x_i)\cap D(y_i)=D(q)$ is empty on the formal support. The quotient fibre is an $m$-gon of projective lines, and the quotient map is locally an isomorphism on each translated chart. Invariant morphisms descend uniquely through this gluing.

// Target: ringed-space.bigb