photoelectron spectroscopy using ultraviolet photons to probe occupied electronic states, often valence states. Empty states above the Fermi level require a different measurement or deliberate population.
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Ultraviolet Photoelectron Spectroscopy (UPS) is an analytical technique used to study the electronic structure of materials, particularly surfaces and thin films. It is based on the photoelectric effect, where ultraviolet light is used to irradiate a sample, resulting in the emission of photoelectrons from the material. ### Key Features of UPS: 1. **Principle**: UPS involves shining UV light onto a sample, which causes electrons to be ejected.