University Physics Volume 2 by Samuel J. Ling and others / 11.5 Force and Torque on a Current Loop

Online text: openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-2/pages/11-5-force-and-torque-on-a-current-loop

Cited passages: University Physics Volume 2, §11.5, equations 11.20–11.22: loop moment, winding count and torque; University Physics Volume 2, §11.5, equations 11.22–11.23: vector torque and orientation energy.