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An electron-supported electrostatic branch with approximately linear small-wavenumber dispersion relation $\omega \simeq k{u}_a$. A velocity plateau can support such a completely undamped mode even when ion response is neglected. A single Maxwellian electron population generally damps the corresponding acoustic response strongly. Distinct electron populations provide another setting for electron acoustic behavior, with different assumptions and damping properties.

Collisionless damping of a collective plasma perturbation by phase mixing and resonant exchange with particles near its phase velocity. In linear electrostatic response, the imaginary part of the dielectric function at real frequency is proportional to the derivative of the equilibrium phase-space distribution function at resonance. A velocity plateau removes this contribution on an interval; compact velocity support also permits undamped waves whose phase velocities lie outside that support.

Take $k>0$ initially; real solutions for $k<0$ follow by $(k,\omega )\mapsto (-k,-\omega )$. Put $V=v_0+v_2-v_1$. Approaching the real phase velocity from the upper half-plane, the Landau contour and the Sokhotski–Plemelj formula give the following Cauchy principal value decompositionThe real frequency condition $ϵ=0$ therefore requires $f_0^{\prime }(u)=0$. This is possible in the interior of the velocity plateau and outside the occupied velocity range:These are candidate intervals, not yet solutions of the real dispersion relation. The endpoints have jumps in $f_0^{\prime }$ and logarithmic singularities in the response; they are not finite-$k$ undamped modes. At the cusp $u=0$, the slope is also discontinuous and the real response diverges, so it supplies no additional mode.

The physical condition is absence of net resonant energy exchange with particles moving at the wave's phase velocity. Outside the support there are no such particles. Within a velocity plateau, the equal populations on either side of the resonance cancel Landau damping.

For $K=k^2{\lambda }_{\mathrm{De}}^2\gg 1$, the logarithm in b must be large and positive. In each allowed interval this happens near a denominator zero, approached from the undamped side:The constants hidden by $O(e^{-K})$ have velocity units. Consequently,The two outer modes have phase velocities just outside the occupied range and therefore have no resonant particles. The middle electron acoustic wave lies just inside the lower edge of the velocity plateau, where $f_0^{\prime }=0$. All three escape Landau damping in this collisionless model. The stated neglect of ion response remains necessary for the middle mode as well.

For the two outer branches, $|u|\gg v_0$ at small $k$. An integration by parts and a large-$u$ expansion giveThere is no boundary contribution because the phase-space distribution function vanishes at both endpoints. Direct area integration givesThus the exact small-$k$ cutoff, retaining the paper's definition $n_0=v_0{A}_0$, is $\omega \to \pm {\omega }_{\mathrm{pe}}\sqrt{n_{\ast }/n_0}$. To leading order in the narrow-velocity plateau approximation this isThese are Langmuir waves. The difference between $n_{\ast }$ and the reference $n_0$ is only first order in $\delta /v_0$, so it does not alter the requested leading-order result.

For the finite-phase velocity branch put $u=v_1+\delta a$, with $0<a<1$. To leading order in $\delta /v_0$ and $\delta /v_1$, the real dispersion relation becomesAt long wavelength set $K=0$ to leading order. Then $a=v_1^2/v_0^2$, andFor comparison, the exact $k\to 0$ phase velocity from the cubic equation in b is $B/A$; expanding it gives precisely $v_1+\delta v_1^2/v_0^2+O({\delta }^2/v_0)$ at fixed $v_1/v_0$.

A single Maxwell-Boltzmann velocity distribution has a nonzero slope at every finite nonzero $u$ and has no velocity plateau. The would-be electron acoustic wave is therefore subject to strong Landau damping, so there is no corresponding completely undamped acoustic branch in a single Maxwellian electron population with immobile ions. At its only stationary point $u=0$, a Maxwellian has $\int f_0^{\prime }(v)/vdv<0$, making the static dielectric function positive rather than zero. This statement does not exclude acoustic modes of suitably distinct electron populations or an ion-supported mode when ion dynamics is retained.

Retain $K=k^2{\lambda }_{\mathrm{De}}^2$ while making the same narrow-velocity plateau expansion as in d. With $u=v_1+\delta a$, the factor that varies rapidly across the plateau is $(v_2-u)/(u-v_1)=(1-a)/a$. The other factors vary slowly and may be evaluated at $u=v_1$, givingThereforeAt $K\ll 1$, the denominator tends to $v_0^2/v_1^2$, recovering d. At $K\gg 1$,recovering the exponentially close approach to the plateau edge in c. The phase velocity remains strictly inside the velocity plateau for every finite $k$.

As an asymptotic expansion, the formula takes $\delta \to 0$ at fixed $0<v_1/v_0<1$. If the plateau also approaches the outer edge, so that $v_0-v_1$ is comparable to $\delta$, the factors treated as slowly varying need not be slowly varying. In that additional limiting regime, use the exact dispersion relation in b instead.

For $k>0$, the upper Langmuir wave starts at $\omega \approx +{\omega }_{\mathrm{pe}}$ and approaches the line $\omega =kV$ from above. The lower Langmuir wave starts at $\omega \approx -{\omega }_{\mathrm{pe}}$ and approaches $\omega =-k{v}_0$ from below. The electron acoustic wave starts at the origin with slope $v_1+\delta v_1^2/v_0^2$ and approaches $\omega =k{v}_1$ from above; it stays inside $k{v}_1<\omega <k{v}_2$. These are the only completely undamped branches, as shown by the cubic equation in b.

The small asymmetry between the outer branches reflects the extra positive-velocity population introduced by the velocity plateau. The negative-$k$ sketch follows by rotating the displayed branches through the origin, since $ϵ(-\omega ,-k)=ϵ(\omega ,k)$ on these undamped solutions. One should not impose symmetry about the $\omega =0$ axis at fixed positive $k$.

A phase-space distribution function constant inside a prescribed region and zero outside. The one-dimensional example in the title has a velocity plateau and distributional derivatives at its edges. Its simple kinetic response can support undamped collective modes, illustrating why absence of growing modes does not imply Landau damping. For electrons with fixed ions, $ϵ(\omega ,k)=1-{\omega }_p^2/({\omega }^2-k^2{V}^2)$, so collective roots lie outside the populated velocity interval.