 Gauge covariant derivative

The gauge covariant derivative is a fundamental concept in the framework of gauge theories, which are essential for describing fundamental interactions in particle physics, most notably in the Standard Model. It is a modification of the ordinary derivative that accounts for the presence of gauge symmetry and the associated gauge fields. ### Definition and Purpose In a gauge theory, the fundamental fields are often associated with certain symmetry groups, such as U(1) for electromagnetism or SU(2) for weak interactions.