Radiation effects refer to the various biological, chemical, and physical impacts that ionizing radiation can have on living organisms and materials. Ionizing radiation includes particles (like alpha and beta particles) and electromagnetic waves (such as gamma rays and X-rays), which have enough energy to remove tightly bound electrons from atoms, thereby creating ions. ### Biological Effects 1. **Cellular Damage**: Ionizing radiation can cause direct damage to DNA and other vital cellular components.
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