 X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) is an analytical technique used to study the surface chemistry of materials. It involves irradiating a material with X-rays, which causes the ejection of photoelectrons from the surface atoms. By measuring the kinetic energy of these emitted photoelectrons, XPS can provide information about the elemental composition, chemical state, and electronic state of the elements present in the material.