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"Unnatural Selection" is an independent video game developed by Midian Design, released in 1999. It is a real-time strategy game that employs a unique blend of themes involving genetics, evolution, and survival. Players take on the role of a creature that must adapt and evolve through natural and unnatural means to survive various challenges and threats in its environment. The gameplay typically involves managing resources, evolving traits, and engaging in combat with other creatures or players.

Architonnerre is a French architectural movement and artistic approach that focuses on integrating earth and natural materials into construction. The term combines "archi," which relates to architecture, and "tonnerre," meaning thunder in French, suggesting a powerful or impactful way of shaping architectural practices. The movement emphasizes sustainability, ecological awareness, and the use of local materials. It often advocates for homes and structures that are not only environmentally friendly but also harmoniously blended with their surroundings.

Feminist philosophy of science is a field that critically examines the ways in which gender influences the practice, theory, and social implications of science. It seeks to uncover and challenge biases that have historically marginalized women and other gender minorities within scientific disciplines and practices. Here are some key aspects of feminist philosophy of science: 1. **Critique of Objectivity**: Feminist philosophers often argue that traditional notions of scientific objectivity are problematic.

A **free parameter** is a variable in an equation or model that can take on a range of values, allowing for flexibility in its behavior or fit to data. In many contexts, such as statistics, physics, and machine learning, free parameters are crucial for defining the relationships between different quantities or for customizing a model to better suit observational or experimental data.

The terms "hard science" and "soft science" are used to classify different fields of scientific study based on their methodologies, rigor, and the nature of the phenomena they investigate. ### Hard Science: - **Definition**: Hard sciences typically refer to fields that rely on empirical data, quantitative measurements, and rigorous experimental methods. They often produce results that can be consistently replicated and verified.

A hypothesis is a proposed explanation or prediction for a phenomenon that can be tested through research and experimentation. It is often formulated based on existing knowledge, observations, and theories. In scientific research, a hypothesis typically takes the form of a statement that can be supported or refuted through empirical evidence.

The hypothetico-deductive model is a scientific method used for developing and testing theories. It involves making hypotheses based on existing theories or observations, deducing predictions from these hypotheses, and then conducting experiments or observations to test those predictions. Here’s a breakdown of the key components of the model: 1. **Observation**: The process begins with observing phenomena to gather data. This may involve identifying patterns, anomalies, or specific questions that need answering.

Idealization in the philosophy of science refers to the process of simplifying complex phenomena by making assumptions or creating theoretical models that exclude certain variables or factors. This allows scientists to focus on essential features of the phenomenon under study while ignoring less relevant details. Idealizations are often employed to make theories more comprehensible, computationally manageable, or to derive predictions that can be tested against empirical data.

Postnormal times is a concept introduced by philosopher Ziauddin Sardar to describe a period characterized by uncertainty, complexity, and rapid change, often as a result of advancements in technology, globalization, and shifting societal norms. The term suggests that traditional ways of thinking and understanding the world are no longer adequate for navigating contemporary challenges. In postnormal times, factors such as unpredictability and the inadequacy of existing models influence decision-making processes.

Preformationism is a historical biological theory that existed before the discovery of modern genetics. It posited that organisms develop from pre-existing miniature versions of themselves, known as "homunculi." According to this view, all the traits of an organism were thought to be fully formed at the time of fertilization or were contained in the sperm or egg, and development was merely a process of growth and unfolding, rather than a process of complex development and differentiation from simpler forms.

"The Moral Arc" is a concept popularized by philosopher Michael Shermer in his 2015 book titled "The Moral Arc: How Science and Reason Lead Humanity Toward Truth, Justice, and Freedom." In the book, Shermer argues that moral progress is directed by the principles of science and reason, which he believes help humanity move towards greater notions of justice, equality, and human rights over time.

The Von Neumann Universal Constructor is a theoretical concept proposed by mathematician and computer scientist John von Neumann in the context of cellular automata and self-replicating systems. It refers to a hypothetical machine or system that can create copies of itself given the right resources and environment. In the original context, von Neumann was exploring how self-replicating organisms might function and how this could be modeled mathematically.

Objectivity in science refers to the practice of making observations, conducting research, and drawing conclusions that are free from personal biases, emotions, or subjective influences. It emphasizes the importance of relying on empirical evidence and systematic methods, ensuring that findings can be verified and replicated by others. Key aspects of objectivity in science include: 1. **Empirical Evidence**: Science relies on observations and experiments that can be measured and quantified. Objective data is crucial for establishing facts and forming hypotheses.

Observation is the process of closely monitoring and examining something to gather information and gain insights. It involves using one's senses—sight, hearing, touch, taste, and smell—to detect and record details about an object, event, or phenomenon. In various contexts, observation can serve different purposes: 1. **Scientific Observation**: In scientific research, observation is used to collect data and test hypotheses. Scientists may conduct experiments or make field observations to study natural phenomena systematically.

The Parable of the Sunfish is a story often used to illustrate a lesson about perspective, personal growth, and the importance of realizing one’s potential. While there are various versions and interpretations, the core message generally revolves around a fisherman who encounters a sunfish that is stuck, or unable to swim freely because it doesn’t recognize its own strength and capabilities. In one common interpretation, the sunfish is confined to a small area, believing it can only swim in limited circles.

Pessimistic induction is a philosophical argument primarily used in the philosophy of science to challenge the reliability of scientific theories. The core idea is that if we look at the history of science, we can see that many scientific theories that were once widely accepted have eventually been proven false. Based on this historical pattern, one might conclude that current scientific theories are also likely to be false or will eventually be overthrowed.

The Philosophy of Science Association (PSA) is an organization that promotes scholarly research and discussion in the field of philosophy of science. It was founded in 1968 to foster communication and cooperation among those interested in philosophical issues related to the sciences. The PSA organizes conferences, publishes research, and supports educational initiatives in philosophy of science. The association serves as a platform for scholars to present their findings, engage in debates, and collaborate on projects.

The philosophy of chemistry is a subfield of the philosophy of science that specifically addresses the foundational, conceptual, and methodological issues related to the discipline of chemistry. It explores questions concerning the nature of chemical substances, the principles and theories that govern chemical interactions, the relationship between chemistry and other sciences (particularly physics), and the interpretation of chemical knowledge. Here are some key themes within the philosophy of chemistry: 1. **Ontology of Chemical Substances**: This concerns questions about what chemical substances are.

The philosophy of motion delves into the conceptual, metaphysical, and epistemological questions surrounding the nature of motion and change. It addresses several key issues: 1. **Nature of Motion**: What is motion? Is it a fundamental aspect of reality, or is it merely an illusion or a construct? Philosophers have debated whether motion is a property of objects themselves or a relationship between them. 2. **Time and Space**: Motion is often intimately connected to the concepts of time and space.

Philosophy of physics is a subfield of philosophy that explores the foundational, conceptual, and interpretative issues arising in the field of physics. It examines the implications of physical theories and phenomena, as well as the philosophical underpinnings of the methods and assumptions employed in physics. Key areas of inquiry within philosophy of physics include: 1. **Nature of Space and Time**: Philosophers investigate the nature of space and time as described by various physical theories, particularly in the framework of relativity.