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The CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics is a comprehensive reference book that provides key data and information in the fields of chemistry and physics. Published by the CRC Press, it has been a trusted resource for scientists, researchers, and students for many years since its first edition was released in 1913. The handbook is typically updated every few years to include new findings and advancements in various scientific fields.

The Columbia University Physics Department is an academic division within Columbia University in New York City, known for its strong focus on research and education in various fields of physics. Established in 1754, the department has a long history and is part of Columbia's Faculty of Arts and Sciences.

Nepalese astronomers refer to individuals from Nepal who study or have made significant contributions to the field of astronomy. Nepal has a rich history of astronomical observation, with traditional practices in astronomy being part of its culture, particularly in the context of Hindu and Buddhist calendars and astrology.

"Slovak astronomers" typically refers to astronomers from Slovakia or those who have contributed to the field of astronomy while associated with Slovak institutions or organizations. Slovakia has a number of notable astronomers and research institutions that focus on astronomical studies, including the Astronomical Institute of the Slovak Academy of Sciences. These astronomers may be involved in various research areas, such as astrophysics, planetary science, and observational astronomy.

Neutrino oscillation is a quantum mechanical phenomenon whereby neutrinos, which are elementary particles with very small mass and no electric charge, can change from one type (or flavor) to another as they propagate through space. There are three flavors of neutrinos associated with their corresponding charged leptons: the electron neutrino (\(\nu_e\)), the muon neutrino (\(\nu_\mu\)), and the tau neutrino (\(\nu_\tau\)).

Nonoblique correction is a term often used in the context of astronomical observations, particularly when referring to the adjustments made to measurements or data to account for the effects of perspective or the angle of observation. The term may apply to various fields, including photography, vision science, and any discipline where spatial orientation and angular measurement are critical. In astronomy and related fields, nonoblique correction typically seeks to ensure that observations (e.g.

Oblique correction refers to a technique used primarily in the fields of cartography, geodesy, and astronomy. It involves correcting for distortion that occurs when mapping the curved surface of the Earth (or celestial spheres) onto a flat surface (like a map or image). This distortion can affect angles, distances, and areas, potentially leading to inaccuracies in the representation of geographic or astronomical features.

The Peccei-Quinn theory is a theoretical framework proposed to address the strong CP (Charge-Parity) problem in quantum chromodynamics (QCD), which is the fundamental theory of the strong interaction between quarks and gluons. Formulated in 1977 by Roberto Peccei and Helen Quinn, the theory introduces a new class of particles called axions, which are proposed as a solution to this problem.

The Peskin–Takeuchi parameters, denoted as \( S \), \( T \), and \( U \), are a set of quantities used in high-energy physics to characterize the effects of new physics beyond the Standard Model of particle physics, particularly in the context of electroweak symmetry breaking and precision electroweak measurements.

Proton decay is a hypothetical form of particle decay in which a proton, a fundamental constituent of atomic nuclei, transforms into lighter particles. This process would imply that protons are not absolutely stable, as is commonly assumed in the Standard Model of particle physics, which treats them as stable particles under normal conditions.

The Rishon model is a theoretical framework in particle physics proposed by physicist Joseph Rishon in the 1970s. It presents a unique perspective on the fundamental building blocks of matter. In this model, Rishon suggests that quarks and leptons—the fundamental particles that make up protons, neutrons, and electrons—are not elementary themselves but are composed of more basic entities called "preons.

Overpopulation of domestic pets refers to a situation where the number of pets, particularly dogs and cats, exceeds the capacity of the environment or community to care for them adequately. This issue often leads to various problems, including: 1. **Stray Animals**: Many pets become abandoned or lost and end up living on the streets. This can lead to overcrowded animal shelters, where there are not enough resources to care for all the animals.

Overshoot, in the context of population, refers to a situation where a population exceeds the carrying capacity of its environment. The carrying capacity is the maximum number of individuals that an ecosystem can sustainably support based on available resources such as food, water, and shelter. When a population overshoots this limit, it can lead to resource depletion, environmental degradation, and a subsequent decline in population size due to increased mortality or decreased birth rates, often resulting in a population crash.

A pesticide refuge area, commonly referred to simply as a "refuge," is a strategy used in agricultural pest management, particularly in the context of genetically engineered crops that have built-in resistance to specific pests or herbicides. The concept of a refuge involves maintaining a certain portion of farmland that is treated with conventional pesticides or not treated at all, rather than using genetically modified (GM) crops. The primary purpose of establishing a pesticide refuge is to slow down the development of pest resistance to pesticides.

Democratic backsliding refers to the gradual decline in the quality of democracy in a country, characterized by the erosion of democratic institutions, practices, and norms. This phenomenon is often marked by a range of actions and trends that undermine democratic governance, including: 1. **Erosion of Political Rights**: Diminished protections for political freedoms, such as freedom of speech, assembly, and the press. This may involve censorship, harassment of dissenting voices, or restrictions on protests.

Economic nationalism is a political and economic ideology that emphasizes the protection and promotion of a nation's economy, often at the expense of free trade and globalization. It advocates for policies that prioritize domestic industries, jobs, and resources, aiming to strengthen the national economy and enhance national sovereignty. Key characteristics of economic nationalism include: 1. **Protectionism**: Implementing tariffs, quotas, and other trade barriers to shield domestic industries from foreign competition.

Frigide Barjot is a French activist and public figure known for her involvement in the opposition to same-sex marriage in France. She gained prominence as the spokesperson for the "Manif pour Tous" movement, which organized large-scale protests against the legalization of same-sex marriage in France in the early 2010s. Barjot is characterized by her provocative and humorous style, using media attention to advance her views on family and traditional marriage.

The Progressive Populist is a political journal that focuses on progressive populism, particularly in the context of American politics. Launched in the mid-1990s by editors including Jim Hightower, a former Texas Agriculture Commissioner, the publication aims to address issues related to economic justice, social equity, and the influence of corporate power in government.

(523683) 2014 CP23 is a designation for a specific asteroid, which is part of the larger category of near-Earth objects (NEOs). This designation indicates that it was discovered in 2014. The number 523683 represents its unique identifier in the catalogue of minor planets, while the letters 'CP' denote the spectroscopic class. Asteroids like 2014 CP23 can vary in size, composition, and orbit.

Population dynamics is a branch of ecology that studies the changes in population size and composition over time and the biological and environmental factors that influence these changes. It encompasses the examination of how populations of organisms—such as animals, plants, or microorganisms—grow, decline, and interact. Key aspects of population dynamics include: 1. **Population Size**: Refers to the number of individuals within a specific population at a given time.